Half of the soils in the Dry Valleys have subsurface ice, either as buried massive ice or as ice-cemented soil ( permafrost ).
2.
However, one should not assume that total scour in cohesive or cemented soils will not be as large as in non-cohesive soils, the scour takes longer to develop.
3.
Detailed studies of ganisters, which occur either as seatearths or elsewhere within coal-bearing strata, have found them to be ancient paleosols, which are equivalent in both physical characteristics and origin to modern silica-cemented soils, called silcretes.
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