These double-strand breaks can be caused by radiation, as well as chemical mutagens.
2.
Many chemical mutagens require "'biological activation "'to become mutagenic.
3.
"Mardi also uses induced mutation with physical and chemical mutagens as we did for pisang rastali and pisang berangan, " says Siti Hawa.
4.
The starting gene can be mutagenised by random point mutations ( by chemical mutagens or error prone PCR ) and proportion of functional variants it contains.
5.
Initially, the ability of radiation and chemical mutagens to cause mutation was exploited to generate random mutations, but later techniques were developed to introduce specific mutations.
6.
Chemical mutagens were not demonstrated to cause mutation until the 1940s, when Charlotte Auerbach and J . M . Robson found that mustard gas can cause mutations in fruit flies.
7.
A large number of chemical mutagens have since been identified, especially after the development of the Ames test in the 1970s by Bruce Ames that screens for mutagens and allows for preliminary identification of carcinogens.
8.
The method combines a standard and efficient technique of mutagenesis using a chemical mutagen such as ethyl methanesulfonate ( EMS ) with a sensitive DNA screening-technique that identifies single base mutations ( also called point mutations ) in a target gene.
9.
Cigarette smoke acts as a chemical mutagen on germ cell DNA . The germ cells suffer oxidative damage, and the effects can be seen in altered mRNA production, infertility issues, and side effects in the embryonic and fetal stages of development.
10.
Another technique that can be used is TILLING . This is a method that combines a standard and efficient technique of mutagenesis with a chemical mutagen such as ethyl methanesulfonate ( EMS ) with a sensitive DNA-screening technique that identifies point mutations in a target gene.
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