| 1. | When it is in a closed syllable, it is pronounced.
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| 2. | The lowest and most central allophones occur in unstressed closed syllables.
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| 3. | *Vowels have lowered variants in closed syllables and when unstressed.
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| 4. | The in closed syllables is somewhat lower than the in unstressed syllables.
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| 5. | In closed syllables, vowels become open and sometimes centralized.
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| 6. | This left no closed syllables at all in these languages.
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| 7. | In most Germanic languages, lax vowels can only occur in closed syllables.
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| 8. | This seems primarily due to the frequency of closed syllables in both languages.
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| 9. | In closed syllables the vowels are pronounced respectively.
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| 10. | Furthermore, vowels are shorter in closed syllables than they are in open syllables.
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