After a long time, probabilities tend to the nucleotide equilibrium frequencies ( 0.25 : dashed line ).
2.
In other words, some codons can undergo more changes and therefore result in lower equilibrium frequencies, also known as rare codons.
3.
Models of DNA evolution were first proposed in 1969 by Jukes and Cantor, assuming equal transition rates as well as equal equilibrium frequencies for all bases.
4.
This equilibrium frequency is potentially substantially larger than for the case of partial dominance, because a large number of mutant alleles are carried in heterozygotes and are shielded from selection.
5.
Thus, provided that the mutant allele is not weakly deleterious ( very small s ) and the mutation rate is not very high, the equilibrium frequency of the deleterious allele will be small.
6.
Aviary experiments conducted with captive flocks of scaly-breasted munia have tested whether producers and scroungers reach the predicted stable equilibrium frequency ( see Evolutionarily stable strategy ) when individuals are free to choose either behavior.
7.
In 1980 Kimura introduced a model with two parameters : one for the transition and one for the transversion rate and in 1981, Felsenstein proposed a four-parameter model in which the substitution rate corresponds to the equilibrium frequency of the target nucleotide.
8.
In general, to compute the number of parameters, you count the number of entries above the diagonal in the matrix, i . e . for n trait values per site { { n ^ 2-n } \ over 2 }, and then add " n-1 " for the equilibrium frequencies, and subtract 1 because \ mu is fixed.
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