Complications of the procedure include iatrogenically induced filling defects.
2.
On X-ray, 15 35 cm long filling defects, sometimes with whirled appearance ( bolus of worms ).
3.
Any mass filling defects, such as an embolus, will appear dark in place of the contrast, filling / blocking the space where blood should be flowing into the lungs.
4.
Reasons for performing a retrograde pyelogram include identification of filling defects ( e . g . stones or tumors ), as an adjunct during the placement of ureteral stents or ureteroscopy, or to delineate renal anatomy in preparation for surgery.
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