This is thought to be caused by failure of the plasma membrane's ionic pumps.
2.
The crystal structures of related ionic pumps have also been solved, giving a broader view of how these molecular machines work.
3.
By preserving energy metabolism in cells exposed to hypoxia or ischaemia, trimetazidine prevents a decrease in intracellular ATP levels, thereby ensuring the proper functioning of ionic pumps and transmembrane sodium-potassium flow whilst maintaining cellular homeostasis.