There is usually an option to produce audible clicks representing the number of ionization events detected.
2.
The scintillator must be shielded from all ambient light so that external photons do not swamp the ionization events caused by incident radiation.
3.
"' Counts per minute ( abbreviated to cpm ) "'is a measure of the detection rate of ionization events per minute.
4.
In addition to charging effects, AES data can be obscured by the presence of characteristic energy losses in a sample and higher order atomic ionization events.
5.
The " z "-coordinate ( along the cylinder axis ) is determined by measuring the drift time from the ionization event to the MWPC at the end.
6.
Following an original ionization event, due to such as ionizing radiation, the positive ion drifts towards the cathode, while the free electron drifts towards the anode of the device.
7.
An important example is the issue of which matrix is used for MALDI spotting, since much of the energetics of the desorption / ionization event is controlled by the matrix rather than the laser power.
8.
Ionization processes require energy above 10 eV, while splitting covalent bonds in molecules and generating free radicals requires only 3-4 eV . The electrical discharges initiated by the ionization events by the particles result in plasma populated by large amount of free radicals.
9.
In the case of an arc forming in air in a potential gradient, if the gradient is insufficient the same chain reaction occurs, only it dies out after each starting event because the charged particles do not gain enough energy to produce more than one ionization event each on average . " Quondum " 02 : 28, 12 June 2014 ( UTC)
10.
In 2013, Dwayne Heard at the University of Leeds suggested that quantum mechanical tunneling could explain a reaction his group observed taking place, at a significantly higher than expected rate, between cold ( around 63 Kelvin ) hydroxyl and methanol molecules, apparently bypassing intramolecular energy barriers which would have to be overcome by thermal energy or ionization events for the same rate to exist at warmer temperatures.
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