The shear waves are generated by an electro-mechanical transducer on the surface of the skin.
2.
A mercury delay line consisted of a long tube filled with mercury, a mechanical transducer on one end, and a microphone on the other end, much like a spring reverb unit later used in audio processing.
3.
Whereas the phonograph stylus physically vibrates with the variations in the record groove, and those vibrations are converted by a mechanical transducer ( the phono pickup ) to an electrical signal, the CED stylus normally does not vibrate and moves only to track the CED groove ( and the disc surface out-of-plane ), while the signal from the stylus is natively obtained as an electrical signal.
4.
In 1986, Dr . Herbert Silverstein updated an older monitoring device based on the predicate designs of Jako and Hilger and manufactured by WR Medical Electronics ( Maplewood, MN ) . �However, rather than use needle electrodes to detect small amplitude EMG changes in the muscle, the WR device used a mechanical transducer placed on the cheek to pick up movement . �This detection method led to cost savings and less artifacts but was not as sensitive to small changes as EMG recording ( i . e . higher false negative errors ) . . �While still used by many Silverstein acolytes, NIM and other EMG-based recording systems are by far the most commonly used modality for monitoring motor nerves such as the facial and laryngeal nerves, as well as during spine surgery.
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