After this second step the system is in the desired state with an electron polarization corresponding to the starting point of the redox reaction and an atom and orientation polarization corresponding to the " transition state ".
2.
When an external electric field is applied, the distance between charges within each permanent dipole, which is related to chemical bonding, remains constant in orientation polarization; however, the direction of polarization itself rotates.
3.
However, " the atom and orientation polarization P u is kept fixed ", only the electron polarization P e may adjust to the field of the new charge distribution " and " the fixed P u.
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