Note that at least one source uses a different convention for the ray vectors.
2.
To do so, we can find all the " eigenrays " of the system : the input ray vector at each of the mentioned sections of the waveguide times a real or complex factor ? is equal to the output one.
3.
This relates the " ray vectors " at the input and output planes by the " ray transfer matrix " ( RTM ) "'M "', which represents the optical system between the two reference planes.