This pathway was modified in order to match the preferred reducing cofactor for the cyanobacteria.
2.
Here, hundreds of separate types of enzymes remove electrons from their substrates and reduce NAD + to NADH . This reduced cofactor is then a substrate for any of the reductases in the cell that require electrons to reduce their substrates.
3.
The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the mitochondrial matrix, with the exception of succinate dehydrogenase, which is bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane as part of Complex II . The citric acid cycle oxidizes the acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide, and, in the process, produces reduced cofactors ( three molecules of NADH and one molecule of GTP ( that is readily converted to an ATP ).
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