Other nematode species known to infect stoats include " Taenia tenuicollis ", " Mesocestoides lineatus " and rarely " Acanthocephala ".
12.
However, for practical considerations the term is still used nowadays to describe four groups with superficial similarities, the phyla Annelida, Platyhelminths, Nematoda and Acanthocephala.
13.
One possibility is that the Acanthocephala are closer to the Bdelloidea and Monogononta than to the Seisonidea; the corresponding names and relationships are shown in the cladogram below.
14.
Originally classified as a separate phylum, molecular and morphological evidence accumulated between 1994 and 2014 to indicate that Acanthocephala forms a monophyletic group with Bdelloidea, Monogononta and Seisonidea.
15.
Transcriptome results published in 2014 support a refined version of the scenario in the bottom left, with Bdelloidea as a sister group to Seisonidea + Acanthocephala, and Monogononta as an outgroup.
16.
""'Acanthocephala declivis " "'is a species of North American true bugs with a range from the southern United States to Guatemala and some Caribbean islands.
17.
"' Filicollosis "'is a parasitic disease of ducks, geese and other waterbirds caused by " Filicollis anatis ", a species of acanthocephala of the polymorphidae family.
18.
Modern molecular phylogenetic studies demonstrate that this classic understanding of'Rotifera'is incomplete ( paraphyletic ), because it omits a fourth clade of closely related organisms : the Acanthocephala, or thorny-headed worms.
19.
A study of the gene order in the mitochondria suggests that " Seisonidea " and " Acanthocephala " are sister clades and that the " Bdelloidea " are the sister clade to this group.
20.
The genus name " Acanthocephala " means " spiny head " and was inspired by the pointed tylus at the tip of the head . " Acanthocephala femorata " is found in the continental United States and Mexico.
