On the aecial host the first signs of " C . ribcola " are yellow or red spots on the " Pinus " needles, but these are small and can be difficult to see; more visible symptoms on the aecial host includes perennial cankers which appear on the branches within two years of infection.
12.
In macrocyclic and demicyclic life cycles, the rust may be either host alternating ( heteroecious ), i . e ., the aecial state is on one kind of plant but the telial state on a different and unrelated plant, or non-host alternating ( autoecious ), i . e ., the aecial and telial states on the same kind of plant . "'Heteroecious "'rust fungi require two unrelated hosts to complete their life cycle, with the primary host being infected by aeciospores and the alternate host being infected with basidiospores.
13.
In macrocyclic and demicyclic life cycles, the rust may be either host alternating ( heteroecious ), i . e ., the aecial state is on one kind of plant but the telial state on a different and unrelated plant, or non-host alternating ( autoecious ), i . e ., the aecial and telial states on the same kind of plant . "'Heteroecious "'rust fungi require two unrelated hosts to complete their life cycle, with the primary host being infected by aeciospores and the alternate host being infected with basidiospores.
