In 1957, Herb Wagner and Robert S . Whitmire experimentally converted sterile diploid " A . ?ebenoides " to the fertile tetraploid form, the first creation of an allopolyploid fern in the laboratory.
12.
In " Crepis " and some other perennial plant species, a polyploid complex may arise where there are at least two genetically isolated diploid populations, in addition to auto-and allopolyploid derivatives that coexist and interbreed.
13.
It has been shown that hybrid vigor in an allopolyploid hybrid of two " Arabidopsis " species was due to epigenetic control in the upstream regions of two genes, which caused major downstream alteration in chlorophyll and starch accumulation.
14.
Vol . 25, Issue2 on page 1189 ) stated that " Iris setina " could be regarded as an allopolyploid and theorise that it may have derived from other bearded dwarf species such as " Iris pseudopumila"
15.
Autopolyploidy, however, is generally considered to be a neutral process, thought it has been hypothesized that autopolyploidy may serve as a useful maechanism for inducing speciation, and therefore assisting in the ability of an organism to quickly colonize in new habitats without undergoing the time-intensive and costly period of genomic reorganization experienced by allopolyploid species.
16.
""'Opuntia erinacea " "', ( "'Mojave prickly pear "') is a species in the Cactaceae family, that is a distributed throughout the Mojave and Great Basin deserts . " Opuntia erinacea " is suspected to be an allopolyploid that resulted from hybridization between " Opuntia diploursina " and " Opuntia basilaris ".
17.
:" In contrast, the second mode, sympatric speciation, is species divergence without geographic isolation, and its identification is typically controversial, since even a small amount of gene flow may be sufficient to homogenize a potentially diverging species . [ 137 ] [ 138 ] Generally, models of sympatric speciation in animals require the evolution of stable polymorphisms associated with non-random assortative mating, in order for reproductive isolation to evolve . [ 139 ] However, a common mechanism of sympatric speciation in plants appears to the the formation of polyploid species and can involve either a single plant doubling its numbers of chromosomes ( an autopolyploid such as cabbage ), [ 140 ] or two related plants cross-breeding to form an allopolyploid such as wheat . [ 141 ] [ 142 ]"
