A 1992 phylogenetic analysis by Gavin Naylor, based on allozymes, found that the milk shark is the most Ma ) deposits in southern France and Portugal, may be the same as " R . acutus ".
12.
A genetic analysis using both nuclear ( allozymes ) and chloroplastic markers found that " Q . afares " originated as a hybrid of " Q . suber " and " Q . canariensis ".
13.
However, an analysis of protein allozymes published in 1984 revealed the two Western Australian forms to be more closely related to each other than to the yellow-tailed, and the consensus since then has been to treat them as three separate species.
14.
Studies of mtDNA and allozymes in adult populations show that the distribution of genotypes between the two species is bimodal; pure parental types are most common ( representing above 75 % of individuals ) while backcrosses close to parental forms are the next most prevalent.
15.
Several molecular phylogenetic studies based on allozymes, mitochondrial DNA, and nuclear DNA have found that the Australian and common blacktip sharks form a closely related clade with the graceful shark ( " C . amblyrhynchoides " ) and the smoothtooth blacktip shark ( " C . leiodon " ).
16.
Genetic confirmation of thsese four Chinese subspecies : Based on shell form, biogeographical and allozyme data, Davis et al . ( 1995 ) distinguished 3 subspecies of the " Oncomelania hupensis " in mainland China . separated the " Oncomelania hupensis guangxiensis " out from " Oncomelania hupensis tangi " based on allozymes and amplified fragment length polymorphism ( AFLP ), which was verified recently by Li et al . with internal transcribed spacer ( ITS ) and 16S fragments.
