Molecular phylogenetics show that dinoflagellates are grouped with ciliates and apicomplexans ( = Sporozoa ) in a well-supported clade, the alveolates.
12.
Members of the SAR supergroup were once included under the separate supergroups Chromalveolata and Rhizaria, until phylogenetic studies confirmed that stramenopiles and alveolates diverged together with Rhizaria.
13.
The potential to produce calcareous structures has been considered as apomorphic within alveolates, arguing for the monophyly of Calciodinellaceae ( including " Thoracosphaera " :; ).
14.
Together with various other structural and genetic details, this organization indicates a close relationship between the dinoflagellates, the Apicomplexa, and ciliates, collectively referred to as the alveolates.
15.
Through a variety of phylogenetic tests on the orthologous genes found in similar organisms, researchers were able to relate " C . velia " to dinoflagellates and apicomplexans which are alveolates.
16.
Further, as taxonomy pays no account of molecular phylogeny, one current classification has all alveolate taxa other than apicomplexans, ciliates and dinoflagellates, named under the grab bag term " Protalveolata ".
17.
While the common ancestor of alveolates may also have possessed some of these characteristics, it has been argued that Myzocytosis was not one of these characteristics, as ciliates ingest prey by a different mechanism.
18.
This genus has been difficult to classify, being placed in several different taxa in the past ( e . g ., Chytridiomycota, Dinoflagellata ) but it is now known to be an alveolate.
19.
Going one step even further back, the chromerids, the peridinin dinoflagellates and the heterokont algae possess a monophyletic plastid lineage in common, i . e . acquired their plastids from a red alga, and so it seems likely that the common ancestor of alveolates and heterokonts was also photosynthetic.
20.
In 2001, direct amplification of the rRNA gene in marine picoplankton samples revealed the presence of two novel alveolate linages, called group I and II . Group I has no cultivated relatives, while group II is related to the dinoflagellate parasite " Amoebophrya ", which was classified until now in the Syndiniales dinoflagellate order.
