The phenomenon of amitosis, even though it is an accepted as occurring in ciliates, continues to meet with skepticism about its role in mammalian cell proliferation, perhaps because it lacks the reassuring iconography of mitosis.
12.
Chromatin mass from previously aggregated, pyknotic, and fragmented monolayer nuclei is a source for dome cell nuclei generated by amitosis : Differentiation of Ishikawa Domes, Part 3, doi : 10.7287 / peerj . preprints . 1730v1
13.
Chen and Wan ( 1986 ) not only reported amitosis in rat liver, but also presented a mechanism for a four-stage amitotic process whereby chromatin threads are reproduced and equally distributed to daughter cells as the nucleus splits in two.
14.
Using " mitosis in mammalian cells " as a search term in the Medline data-base calls up more than 10, 000 studies dealing with mitosis, whereas " amitosis in mammalian cells " retrieves the titles of fewer than 50 papers.
15.
Not surprisingly, this absence of data has led many scientists to conclude that amitosis does not exist, or is minimally important-if any means of proliferation can be deemed " minimally important " while the war on cancer is not yet won.
16.
His doctoral thesis, " Untersuchungen �ber das Verh�ltnis der von Arnold beschriebenen Kernformen zur Mitose und Amitose " ( Investigations into the relationship of the nuclear forms described by Arnold to mitosis and amitosis ), was an in-depth study of cell division.
17.
The research that is accumulating about amitosis suggests that such processes are, indeed, involved in the production of the breathtaking 37 trillion or so cells in humans, perhaps particularly during the fetal and embryonic phases of development when the majority of these cells are produced, perhaps within the complexity of implantation, perhaps when large numbers of cells are being differentiated, and perhaps in cancerous cells.
18.
An example of amitosis particularly suited to the formation of multiple differentiated nuclei in a reasonably short period of time has been shown to occur during the differentiation of fluid-enclosing hemispheres called domes from adherent Ishikawa endometrial monolayer cells during an approximately 20-hour period . ( Fleming 1995; Fleming, 1999 ) Aggregates of nuclei from monolayer syncytia become enveloped in mitochondrial membranes, forming structures ( mitonucleons ) that become elevated as a result of vacuole formation during the initial 6 hours of differentiation ( Fleming 1998; Fleming, 2015a ).
19.
A review of the resulting literature not only affirms the involvement of amitosis in cell proliferation, it also explores the existence of more than one amitotic mechanism capable of producing " progeny nuclei " without the involvement of " mitotic chromosomes . " One form of amitosis involves fissioning, a nucleus splitting in two without the involvement of chromosomes, and has been reported in placental tissue as well as in cells grown from that tissue in rats ( Ferguson and Palm, 1976 ), in human trophoblasts ( Cotte et al ., 1980 ), and in mouse trophoblasts ( Kuhn, Therman and Susman, 1991 ).
20.
A review of the resulting literature not only affirms the involvement of amitosis in cell proliferation, it also explores the existence of more than one amitotic mechanism capable of producing " progeny nuclei " without the involvement of " mitotic chromosomes . " One form of amitosis involves fissioning, a nucleus splitting in two without the involvement of chromosomes, and has been reported in placental tissue as well as in cells grown from that tissue in rats ( Ferguson and Palm, 1976 ), in human trophoblasts ( Cotte et al ., 1980 ), and in mouse trophoblasts ( Kuhn, Therman and Susman, 1991 ).
