Serum levels are normally less than 11.5 ng / mL . Elevated levels of serum tryptase occur in both anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions, but a negative test does not exclude anaphylaxis.
12.
The risks of FFP include disease transmission, anaphylactoid reactions, and excessive intravascular volume, as well as transfusion related acute lung injury ( TRALI ) and an increase in infections ( including surgical wound infections ).
13.
In rare instances, human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) is transmitted by blood transfusions and possibly by FFP . Allergic or anaphylactoid reactions can occur in response to FFP administration and may vary from hives to fatal noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.
14.
A number of additional infections, including gastrointestinal infections, dental infection, herpes simplex, Epstein-Barr virus, enterovirus, Kawasaki disease, and anaphylactoid purpura, have been mentioned to be associated with the onset or exacerbation of PANS symptoms in a small number of cases.
15.
His broad range of research has included investigating intracellular molecular polarity modeling; discovering and defining RUDS and inflammatory syndromes; establishing a link between organophosphate exposures and obesity; evaluating the anecdotal effect of heparin to teat anaphylactoid shock; and the best way to delay onset toxicity from potentially fatal snakebites ."
