Important questions about antigenic variation are also relevant for such research areas as developing a vaccine against HIV and predicting the next influenza pandemic.
12.
In fact, it was while searching for the chloroquine-resistance gene in the parasite that Wellems came upon the candidate genes for its antigenic variation trick.
13.
Some functions of the type IV pili include : mediating attachment to various cells and tissues, twitching motility, natural competence, microcolony formation, extensive intrastrain phase, and antigenic variation.
14.
Recent research on many vaccines, including the malaria vaccine, has focused on how to anticipate this diversity and create vaccinations that can cover a broader spectrum of antigenic variation.
15.
Antigenic variation may be classified into two types, antigenic drift that results from a change in few amino acids and antigenic shift which is the outcome of acquiring new structural proteins.
16.
The human immunodeficiency virus is hastier and sloppier in its more random antigenic variation, simply mutating so frequently that it always looks different to the T cells that go after it.
17.
"When you see that much DNA being taken up by antigenic variation, you know it's doing something damned important for the parasite, " said Dr . Thomas E . Wellems, a co-worker of Miller and a senior author of two of the other new papers.
18.
The mammalian bloodstream forms are notable for their variant surface glycoprotein coats, which undergo remarkable antigenic variation, enabling persistent evasion of host adaptive immunity and chronic infection . " T . brucei " is one of only a few pathogens that can cross the blood brain barrier.
19.
The spirochetes may avoid the immune response by decreasing expression of surface proteins that are targeted by antibodies, antigenic variation of the VlsE surface protein, inactivating key immune components such as complement, and hiding in the extracellular matrix, which may interfere with the function of immune factors.
20.
The formation of mosaic " VSG " s allows the ( partial ) expression of pseudogene " VSG " s, which can constitute the major portion of the " VSG " archive, and can contribute directly to antigenic variation, vastly increasing the trypanosome's capacity for immune evasion and potentially posing a major problem for vaccine development.
