They had also considered hexuronic acid as being the vitamin, but had been put off the trail when a coworker made the explicit ( and mistaken ) experimental claim that this substance was not the antiscorbutic substance.
12.
Even before the antiscorbutic substance was identified, there were indications that it was present in amounts sufficient to prevent scurvy, in nearly all fresh ( uncooked and uncured ) foods, including raw animal-derived foods.
13.
John Woodall, an English military surgeon of the British East India Company, had recommended the consumption of citrus fruit ( it has an antiscorbutic effect ) from the 17th century, but their use did not become widespread.
14.
L "'- hexuronic acid, althogh he did not know the stereochemistry at that time ) from animal adrenal glands at the Mayo clinic, and suspected it to be the antiscorbutic factor, but could not prove this without a biological assay.
15.
In 1907 a laboratory animal model which would help to isolate and identify the antiscorbutic factor was discovered : Axel Holst and Theodor Fr�lich, two Norwegian physicians studying shipboard beriberi in the Norwegian fishing fleet, wanted a small test mammal to substitute for the pigeons then used in beriberi research.
16.
At the same time, for five years King's laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh had been trying to isolate the antiscorbutic factor in lemon juice using the original 1907 model of scorbutic guinea pigs which developed scurvy when not fed fresh foods, but were cured by lemon juice.
17.
Since antiquity in various parts of the world, and since the 17th century in England, it had been known that citrus fruit had an antiscorbutic effect, when John Woodall ( 1570 1643 ), an English military surgeon of the British East India Company recommended them but their use did not become widespread.
18.
In correspondence to England in November 1788, Dennis Considen wrote : " " I have sent you some of the sweet tea of this country which I recommended and is generally used by the marines and convicts as such it is a fair antiscorbutic as well as a substitute for tea which is more costly . ""
19.
However, in the later work which led up to the isolation of vitamin C as the antiscorbutic factor in 1932-33, Holst and Fr�lich's guinea pig model of scurvy proved to be the key biological assay which allowed identification of the chemical substance ( hexuronic acid, later called ascorbic acid ) which was ascorbutic vitamin.
20.
There, Szent-Gy�rgyi and his research fellow Joseph Svirbely found that " hexuronic acid " was actually the thus far unidentified antiscorbutic factor, known as vitamin C . After Walter Norman Haworth had determined the structure of vitamin C, and in honour of its antiscorbutic properties, it was given the formal chemical name of L-ascorbic acid.
