Fe-SOD has been found mainly in chloroplasts but has also been detected in peroxisomes, and CuZn-SOD has been localized in cytosol, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and apoplast.
12.
Within the apoplast, antifreeze proteins localize the growth of ice crystals by ice nucleators in order to prevent physical damage to tissues and to promote supercooling within freezing-sensitive tissues and cells.
13.
"' Freezing tolerance "'describes the ability of plants to withstand subzero temperatures through the formation of ice crystals in the xylem and intercellular space, or apoplast, of their cells.
14.
Heavy metal uptake can be reduced by sorption and metabolic inactivation at the cell wall and apoplast level . yet it remains unclear if binding is an effective way to prevent heavy metals to enter fungal cells.
15.
In 1930, Ernst M�nch coined the term " apoplast " in order to separate the " living " symplast from the " dead " plant region, the latter of which included the cell wall.
16.
It is also important to note that the net transfer of nutrients to plants requires three transport components : 1 ) the soil-fungus interface, 2 ) the fungus-apoplast interface, and 3 ) the apoplast-root cell interface.
17.
It is also important to note that the net transfer of nutrients to plants requires three transport components : 1 ) the soil-fungus interface, 2 ) the fungus-apoplast interface, and 3 ) the apoplast-root cell interface.
18.
Thick cell walls help with this because they are harder for microbes to penetrate, deter herbivores as they are relatively inedible and in cold areas withstand ice blasting and allow water to be stored in the apoplast where it can freeze without damaging the inside of the cell.
19.
The current model, first put forth in 2005, proposes that the nitrogen taken up by the fungus is converted in the ERM to arginine, which is then transported to the IRM, where it is released as ammonium into the apoplast for the plant to use.
