| 11. | This iodine substituted derivative can lead to aryl halides, vinyl iodides, vinyl triflates, benzyl bromides.
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| 12. | In 1983 the scope was extended by the same authors to include vinyl halides or triflates and aryl halides.
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| 13. | Pd-catalyzed decarboxylative cross-coupling of aryl halides with potassium cyanoacetate, reported by Yeung et al.
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| 14. | Finally, an aminocarbonylation reaction reported by Stephen Buchwald allows conversion of aryl halides directly into aryl Weinreb Nahm amides.
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| 15. | A third method is by palladium catalysed reaction of aryl halides and triflates with diboronyl esters in a coupling reaction.
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| 16. | A catalytic palladium catalysed reaction was reported in 2010 using aryl halides, ( trifluoromethyl ) triethylsilane and allylpalladium chloride dimer
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| 17. | The aryl halide is activated by electron-withdrawing groups or carries a carboxylic acid group in the aromatic ortho position.
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| 18. | Reductive coupling is a coupling reaction of aryl halides with a stoichiometric equivalent of copper metal that occurs in the Ullmann reaction.
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| 19. | Thiols and thiophenols can be coupled with aryl halides under Buchwald-Hartwig-type conditions to produce the corresponding aryl thioethers.
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| 20. | For the coupling of aryl halides with aryl Grignard reagents, nickel chloride in tetrahydrofuran ( THF ) is also a good catalyst.
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