The reaction mechanisms underlying the formation of exciplex molecules ( rare gas halides ) are rather complex in which take part ground state atomic and molecular species, ionic species, and excited atomic species.
12.
Computer methods are utilised to rebuild a three-dimensional view of the sample, prior to it being evaporated, providing atomic scale information on the structure of a sample, as well as providing the type atomic species information.
13.
Whilst the uncertainty in the atomic mass computed by time-of-flight methods in atom probe is sufficiently small to allow for detection of individual isotopes within a material this uncertainty may still, in some cases, confound definitive identification of atomic species.
14.
Cosmic ray spallation, caused when cosmic rays impact the interstellar medium and fragment larger atomic species, is a significant source of the lighter nuclei, particularly 3 He, 9 Be and 10, 11 B, that are not created by stellar nucleosynthesis.
15.
For the majority of atomic species there are clusters of certain atomic counts ( so-called " magic numbers " ) that have preponderent representation in the mass spectra, an indication of their greater stability with respect to dissociation when compared to their neighboring atomic counts.
16.
His 1915 publication, published shortly after his death, describes a chemical reaction between N atomic species in a 2N-dimensional phase space, using statistical mechanics to formally obtain the pre-exponential factor before the exponential term containing the Gibbs free energy of activation.
17.
In connection with other electronic and structural descriptors, such as the covalency metric or the distortion mode analysis from group theory, the A-B pair cophonicity is a guide to properly select either A or B atomic species to tune specific vibrational frequencies of a given system.
18.
According to the metric introduced above, C _ { ph } \ text { ( A-B ) } = 0 would indicate a " perfect cophonocity ", that is an equal participation of both atomic species to the formation of the phonon states in the considered range of energies.
19.
Comparing the tables of work function for various solid materials with the tables of electron affinity and ionization energy for atomic species, it is clear that many combinations would result in a neutral atom, however some specific combinations would result in the atom preferring an ionized state : e . g ., a halogen atom in a ytterbium box, or a cesium atom in a tungsten box.
20.
The properties of silicon and germanium, which are single-element semiconductors, have bandgaps that do not align in the way needed to allow photon emission and are not considered " direct . " Other materials, the so-called compound semiconductors, have virtually identical crystalline structures as silicon or germanium but use alternating arrangements of two different atomic species in a checkerboard-like pattern to break the symmetry.
