This is particularly useful in laser physics, where one is interested in the populations of different atomic states in a gas when a time-dependent electric field is applied.
12.
Where \ vert a, m \ rangle represents the state of an ion whose internal atomic state is " a " and the motional state is " m ".
13.
In 1926 von Neumann showed that if atomic states were understood as vectors in Hilbert space, then they would correspond with both Schr�dinger's wave function theory and Heisenberg's matrices.
14.
Another way to think about these interferometers in the traditional sense is that for each path there are two arms, each of which is denoted by the atomic state.
15.
Hund's first rule states that the lowest energy atomic state is "'the one that maximizes the total spin quantum number for the electrons in the open subshell " '.
16.
But it so happens that the atomic states at the cleavage plane are altered ( compared to their bulk properties within the crystal ) by the termination of the perfectly periodic lattice at that plane.
17.
At high temperatures, usually above 1600 �C ( 2900 �F ), molecular nitrogen ( N 2 ) and oxygen ( O 2 ) in the combustion air disassociate into their atomic states and participate in a series of reactions.
18.
The final atomic state thus has two holes, one in the 2s orbital and the other in the 2p orbital . ( b ) illustrates the same process using spectroscopic notation, KL _ 1L _ { 2, 3 }.
19.
Last July, Dr . Eric A . Cornell of the institute, in a joint project with Dr . Carl E . Wieman of the University of Colorado, exploited ultra-low temperatures to create a new atomic state called a Bose-Einstein condensate.
20.
The modified absorption spectrum can be obtained by a pump-probe experiment, wherein a strong " pump " laser drives the bare transition while a weaker " probe " laser sweeps for a second transition between a third atomic state and the dressed states.
