Several streams of information from multiple brain areas converge on the lateral amygdala, allowing for the creation of associations that regulate fear-conditioning; Cells in the superior dorsal lateral amygdala are able to rapidly pair the neutral stimulus with the aversive stimulus.
12.
Moreover, avoidance learning, which involves the subject learning that a particular response leads to prevention of an aversive stimulus, is correlated with a definite increase in activation of Erk, Elk1, and " c-fos " in the hippocampus.
13.
"Covert positive reinforcement " is intended to increase a behavior by imagining a reinforcing experience in connection with the behavior . " Covert negative reinforcement " attempts to increase a behavior by connecting the termination of an aversive stimulus with increased production of a target behavior.
14.
For example, in the past to decrease self-injurious behavior in an individual, behaviorists may have delivered an aversive stimulus contingent on the response, or assume a reinforcer without identifying the reinforcer that would be most motivating to the client ( Iwata, 1988 ).
15.
Methodologically, a'Sidman avoidance procedure'is an experiment in which the subject is periodically presented with an aversive stimulus, such as the introduction of carbon dioxide or an electric shock, unless they produce a particular response, such as pulling a plunger, which delays the stimulus by a certain amount of time.
16.
In the paper, Carr described five potential causes for self-injurious behaviors that included ( 1 ) positive social reinforcement contingent on the response, ( 2 ) negative reinforcement in the form of removal of an aversive stimulus contingent on the response, ( 3 ) the response produced stimuli possessed reinforcing qualities ( automatic reinforcement ), ( 4 ) the behavior was a byproduct of an underlying psychological condition, and ( 5 ) psychodynamic hypothesis in which the behavior was an attempt to reduce guilt.
17.
The effects of " P . subcaerulipes " consumption on obsessive-compulsive disorder ( OCD ) have been tested using marble-burying behavior in mice, a commonly used animal model of OCD . When presented with an aversive stimulus such as shocks, puffs of air, or noxious food, rodents will exhibit a behavior called " defensive burying ", where they will displace bedding material with their nose and forepaws; the marble-burying test takes advantage of this behavior by measuring how many glass marbles a rodent will bury under the effect of different stimuli.
