A molybdenum ( Mo ) metal layer is deposited ( commonly by sputtering ) which serves as the back contact and reflects most unabsorbed light back into the CIGS absorber.
12.
A mercury probe with concentric dot and ring contacts as well as a back contact extends mercury probe applications to silicon on insulator ( SOI ) structures, where a pseudo-MOSFET device is formed.
13.
Although Pakistan quickly replicated India's latest steps to pare back contacts between the two countries, senior aides to Pakistan's president, Gen . Pervez Musharraf, continued to appeal for negotiations and for a military stand down.
14.
Secretary-General Kofi Annan, who has lobbied U . S . politicians, businessmen and celebrities alike to get the United States to pay its dues, said Friday he had recently scaled back contacts with Washington, fearing that his intervention might worsen the situation.
15.
The active layers of such solar cells comprise a transparent conductive oxide layer ( TCO ), an active absorbent layer ( e . g . thin-film silicon ), and a back contact layer ( e . g . a reflective metal layer ).
16.
The cell structure includes soda lime glass as the substrate, Mo layer as the back contact, CIS / CIGS as the absorber layer, cadmium sulfide ( CdS ) or Zn ( S, OH ) x as the buffer layer, and ZnO : Al as the front contact.
17.
RTP-like processing, in which an increase in the temperature of the semiconductor sample is produced by the absorption of the optical flux, is now used for a host of solar cell fabrication steps, including phosphorus diffusion for N / P junction formation and impurity gettering, hydrogen diffusion for impurity and defect passivation, and formation of screen-printed contacts using Ag-ink for the front and Al-ink for back contacts, respectively.
