In the different fields, if they are used as springs or to apply a pre-load of flexible quality to a bolted joint or bearing, Belleville washers can be used as a single spring or as a stack.
12.
Some makers of bolt action target rifles use Belleville washer stacks in the bolt instead of a more traditional spring to release the firing pin, as they reduce the time between trigger actuation and firing pin impact on the cartridge.
13.
As previously said, Belleville washers are useful for adjustments because different thicknesses can be swapped in and out and they can be configured to achieve essentially infinite tunability of spring rate while only filling up a small part of the technician's tool box.
14.
In front of the carrier cap are a steel shim and a set of 27 saucer-shaped Belleville washers oriented in opposing sets of three, which absorb energy from the piston stroke by deforming into a flat plate when the bolt carrier strikes the receiver s end cap.
15.
As they provide extremely detailed tuning ability, disc springs are used in the automotive ( even in Formula One cars ) and aircraft industries as vibration-damping elements : the Cirrus SR2x series, uses a Belleville washer setup to damp out nose gear oscillations ( or " shimmy " ).
16.
Considering a Belleville washer with outside diameter { D _ e }, inside diameter { D _ i }, height " l " and thickness " t ", where { h _ 0 } is the free height, that is the difference between the height and the thickness, the following coefficients are obtained:
