High-energy beta emitters, such as phosphorus-32, can also be counted in a scintillation counter without the cocktail, instead using an aqueous solution.
12.
Strontium-89 is a short lived beta emitter which has been used as a treatment for bone tumors, this is used in palliative care in terminal cancer cases.
13.
Counting efficiencies under ideal conditions range from about 30 % for tritium ( a low-energy beta emitter ) to nearly 100 % for phosphorus-32, a high-energy beta emitter.
14.
Counting efficiencies under ideal conditions range from about 30 % for tritium ( a low-energy beta emitter ) to nearly 100 % for phosphorus-32, a high-energy beta emitter.
15.
For this reason, an instrument such as the dual phosphor scintillation probe, which will discriminate between alpha and beta, is used where routine checking will come across alpha and beta emitters simultaneously.
16.
This has a known amount of radioactive material fixed to its surface, such as an alpha and / or beta emitter, to allow the calibration of large area radiation detectors used for contamination surveys and personnel monitoring.
17.
The advantages of radiotherapy with beta emitters of this energy are that there is enough to do substantial damage to the target cells but the mean range in tissue is less than a millimeter so non target tissues are unlikely to be harmed.
18.
The stainless steel has only a small ability to be activated and the small activity due to 55 Fe and 63 Ni are unlikely to pose a problem in the final application because these isotopes are beta emitters, which have very weak gamma emission.
19.
The subarsenide B 12 As 2 may be an attractive choice for devices exposed to radiation which degrades the electrical properties of conventional semiconductors, such as betavoltaic cells, which generate electrical energy by coupling a radioactive beta emitter to a semiconductor junction, and other space electronics.
20.
The only types of charged particle radiation produced in the process of a criticality accident ( 23 Na being the next highest energy beta emitter ) and the energy needed for a beta particle to attain 99.97 % c is 20.3 MeV, the possibility of Cherenkov radiation produced in air via a fission criticality or a radioactive decay is virtually eliminated.
