This lineage has been deleted in protostomes, together with its upstream pathway components ( MEKK2 / 3, MKK5 ), although they are clearly present in cnidarians, sponges and even in certain unicellular organisms ( e . g . the choanoflagellate " Monosiga brevicollis " ) closely related to the origins of multicellular animals.
12.
It has now been reported as introduced in western Oregon, U . S . A . ( D . Kavanaugh & J . R . LaBonte, 2008 : Discovery of " Nebria brevicollis ", a European ground Beetle, Established in Willamette Valley, Oregon . " Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences " 59 ( 9 ) : pp 481 488 . ), where it has been found in highly disturbed sites as well as in native old-growth forest stands.
