| 11. | New World monkeys and catarrhine monkeys emerged within the simians some 35 millions years ago.
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| 12. | Old World monkeys and Hominoidea emerged within the catarrhine monkeys some 25 millions years ago.
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| 13. | This specimen is fragmentary enough that it could also represent a catarrhine primate or a carnivoran.
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| 14. | Today, most paleontologists agree that pliopithecoids hold a basal position in the catarrhine family tree.
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| 15. | The remaining simians ( catarrhines ) split 25 million years ago into apes and Old World monkeys.
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| 16. | The technical distinction between the New World platyrrhines and Old World catarrhines is the shape of their noses.
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| 17. | Possibly these Asian catarrhines led nowhere in evolution, a side branch from " Eosimias ".
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| 18. | Catarrhine primates have two adjacent opsin genes on the X chromosome which code for L and M opsin pigments.
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| 19. | However, it had a bony ear tube ( ectotympanic ) and teeth comparable to those of living catarrhines.
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| 20. | Single M or L gene X chromosomes would subsequently be lost from the catarrhine gene pool, assuring routine trichromacy.
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