Although formal arguments using categorical syllogisms have largely given way to the increased expressive power of modern logic systems like the first-order predicate calculus, they still retain practical value in addition to their historic and pedagogical significance.
12.
Other common tasks include categorical syllogisms, used to examine how people reason about quantifiers such as " All " or " Some ", e . g ., " Some of the A are not B ".
13.
It can be argued " Socrates is a man " is equivalent to " All that are identical to Socrates are men ", so our non-categorical syllogism can be justified by use of the equivalence above and then citing BARBARA.
14.
On the other hand, al-Ghazali ( 1058 1111 ) ( and in modern times, Abu Muhammad Asem al-Maqdisi ) argued that " Qiyas " refers to analogical reasoning in a real sense and categorical syllogism in a metaphorical sense.
