The species was transferred to " Vermilacinia " when described in 1995, distinguished by its cortical morphology, lack of chondroid strands in the medulla, and by its lichen metabolites, notably (-)-16 ?-hydroxykaurane.
12.
The distinction of the species was clarified from further study of their chemistry and morphology; " Vermilacinia " does not develop chondroid strands within the medulla, while " Niebla " does not have (-)-16 ?-hydroxykaurane.
13.
The genus " Vermilacinia " differs from " Niebla " in the absence of chondroid strands, by the lack of cortical ridges that define branch margins, and by producing terpenes and bourgeanic acid not found in " Niebla ".
14.
These are species that are distinguished from " Ramalina " by the presence of chondroid strands in the medulla isolated from the cortex; thus, there is a contradiction in the rationale given by the authors for not distinguishing " Vermilacinia ".
15.
Subgenus " Vermilacinia " differs from " Niebla " by the absence of chondroid strands, and by lichen substance predominantly of terpenes; subgenus " Vermilacinia " commonly has T3 , (-)-16 ?-hydroxykaurane, and zeorin.
16.
"Vermilacinia combeoides " was first William Nylander in 1870 as a species of " Ramalina ", which differs by the absence of the secondary metabolite (-)-16 ?-hydroxykaurane and chondroid strands in the medulla, and by having pale pycnidia, or pycnidia may be absent.
17.
Some " Ramalina " species in the Mediterranean Region have medullary chondroid stands unattached to the medulla; however, they differ from " Niebla " in having pale pycnidia instead of black pycnidia, and often contain pseudocyphellae and more than one depside or depsidone accompanied by triterpenes and / or bourgeanic acid.
18.
The compressed species have strongly palisade outer cortices overlying mechanical tissue, while the terete species have tended to lose or have depauperate formations of mechanical tissue . Richard Spjut in 1995 further recognized significant differences in their medulla ( chondroid strands vs . no chondroid strands ) and in their lichen substances ( zeorin and (-)-16-hydroxykaurane vs . their absence ).
19.
The compressed species have strongly palisade outer cortices overlying mechanical tissue, while the terete species have tended to lose or have depauperate formations of mechanical tissue . Richard Spjut in 1995 further recognized significant differences in their medulla ( chondroid strands vs . no chondroid strands ) and in their lichen substances ( zeorin and (-)-16-hydroxykaurane vs . their absence ).
20.
For many years it had been included under a very broad species concept, " Niebla homalea ", which has since been distinguished by its narrower regularly twisted branches . " Niebla cornea " has also been confused with " Vermilacinia laevigata ", which has a different terpenoid chemistry, a different type of cortex, and lacks chondroid stands in the medulla.
