"' Stellar dynamics "'is the branch of astrophysics which describes in a statistical way the collective motions of stars subject to their mutual gravity.
12.
In effect, the electric field gives a collective motion to the electrons that flow past the electrical contact layers into an external circuit where they can do useful work.
13.
From a more abstract point of view, swarm behaviour is the collective motion of a large number of emergent behaviour arising from simple rules that are followed by individuals and does not involve any central coordination.
14.
Raman spectroscopy has also been used to confirm the prediction of existence of low-frequency phonons in proteins and DNA, greatly stimulating the studies of low-frequency collective motion in proteins and DNA and their biological functions.
15.
This is in accordance with the model for collective motion ( based on nuclei deformed from a spherical shape, but with axial symmetry ) for which Aage Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson and James Rainwater won the 1975 Nobel Prize.
16.
One should also notice that they are modular enough, in that it is quite easy to extend the model to introduce effects such as nuclear pairing, or collective motions of the nucleon like rotation, or vibration, adding the corresponding energy terms in the formalism.
17.
Many biological functions and their profound dynamic mechanisms can be revealed through the low-frequency collective motion or resonance in protein and DNA molecules, such as cooperative effects, allosteric transition, and intercalation of drugs into DNA . In this regard, some phenomenological theories were established.
18.
It has been successfully used to simulate various low-frequency collective motions in protein and DNA molecules, such as accordion-like motion, pulsation or breathing motion, as reflected by the fact that the low-frequency wave numbers thus derived were quite close to the experimental observations.
19.
From the perspective of the mathematical modeller, " flocking " is the collective motion of a large number of self-propelled entities and is a collective animal behavior exhibited by many living beings such as emergent behavior arising from simple rules that are followed by individuals and does not involve any central coordination.
20.
He received the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award for Physics in 1963 and in 1975 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, " for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection ".
