The Optional Protocol provides that disputes arising out of the interpretation or application of the Vienna Convention " shall lie within the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice ".
12.
Most involved reforms to institutions such as a more representative Security Council, a World Court with compulsory jurisdiction and judicial review authority and a democratically elected General Assembly ( or a world parliament ).
13.
The chief advocate for Great Britain, Attorney General Sir Nicholas Lyell asserted that his country had accepted " the compulsory jurisdiction of this court since its inception " but urged the court not to rule on the nuclear case:
14.
He pushed for full funding of U . S . obligations to the United Nations, supported U . S . re-entry into UNESCO, and opposed U . S . withdrawal from the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice.
15.
In 1987, Turkey accepted the right to apply individually to the ECtHR ( Article 25 of the European Convention on Human Rights = ECHR ) and 1990 recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights under Article 46 of the ECHR.
16.
After the court ruled that the United States's covert war against Nicaragua was in violation of international law ( " Nicaragua v . United States " ), the United States withdrew from compulsory jurisdiction in 1986 to accept the court's jurisdiction only on a case-by-case basis.
17.
In a separate opinion, while concurring with the majority that Albania had voluntarily submitted to the Court's jurisdiction, Judges Basdevant, �lvarez, Winiarski, Zori i, de Visscher, Badawi, and Krylov argued that the Security Council's Article 36 recommendation did not place the case within the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court.
18.
Although Highet mainly kept out of the public eye, in 1986 he was a leader of a group of 40 international law experts who publicly deplored the decision of the Reagan administration to withdraw from the general compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice; compulsory jurisdiction means that a country submitting a matter to the court agrees to abide by its decision.
19.
Although Highet mainly kept out of the public eye, in 1986 he was a leader of a group of 40 international law experts who publicly deplored the decision of the Reagan administration to withdraw from the general compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice; compulsory jurisdiction means that a country submitting a matter to the court agrees to abide by its decision.
20.
For example, the United States had previously accepted the Court's compulsory jurisdiction upon its creation in 1946 but in 1984, after " Nicaragua v . United States ", withdrew its acceptance following the court's judgment that called on the US to " cease and to refrain " from the " unlawful use of force " against the government of Nicaragua.
