They thus discovered that the coupling parameter " g " ( " ? " ) at the energy scale " ? " is effectively given by the group equation
12.
For a QFT to be scale-invariant, its coupling parameters must be independent of the energy-scale, and this is indicated by the vanishing of the beta-functions of the theory.
13.
This dependence on the energy scale is known as " the running of the coupling parameter ", and theory of this systematic scale-dependence in quantum field theory is described by the renormalization group.
14.
In simple configurations of the laser cavity or laser resonator, the coupling parameter may be just the transmission coefficient of the output coupler or just square of the magnification coefficient in the case of unstable resonator.
15.
The coupling parameter should not be confused with the round-trip loss, which refers to the part of the energy which is absorbed or scattered at each round-trip of laser field in the laser resonator, and cannot be used.
16.
The coupling parameter can be thought of as the ratio of the mean interaction energy between nearest-neighbor pairs, q ^ 2 / ( 4 \ pi \ epsilon _ 0 a ), and the mean kinetic energy of order k _ b T.
17.
Here, \ lambda is defined as a coupling parameter with a value between 0 and 1, and thus the potential energy as a function of \ lambda varies from the energy of system A for \ lambda = 0 and system B for \ lambda = 1.
18.
It mainly consists in replacing the bare values of the coupling parameters, like e . g . electric charges or masses, by renormalized coupling parameters and requiring that the physical quantities do not change under this transformation, thereby leading to finite terms in the perturbation expansion.
19.
It mainly consists in replacing the bare values of the coupling parameters, like e . g . electric charges or masses, by renormalized coupling parameters and requiring that the physical quantities do not change under this transformation, thereby leading to finite terms in the perturbation expansion.
20.
In physics, a "'coupling constant "'or "'gauge coupling parameter "'is a number that determines the strength of the force exerted in an Hamiltonian of a system describing an interaction can be separated into a " kinetic part " and an " interaction part ".
