If the signal is between arbitrary vectors, the vectors are combined with the zero vectors I7, I8, or I9 . The following equations are used to ensure that the generated currents and the current vectors are on average equivalent.
12.
Though limited in their intervention ( for example, the control force can never have different direction than the current vector of velocity of the suspension ), semi-active suspensions are less expensive to design and consume far less energy.
13.
Where " j " inc, " j " ref and " j " trans are the incident, reflected and transmitted probability currents respectively, and the vertical bars indicate the magnitudes of the current vectors.
14.
Rotor flux linkage vector is estimated by multiplying the stator current vector with magnetizing inductance L m and low-pass filtering the result with the rotor no-load time constant L r / R r, namely, the rotor inductance to rotor resistance ratio.
15.
The first of these is an identity, because d " F " = d 2 " A " = 0, but the second is a second-order partial differential equation for the connection " A ", and if the Minkowski current vector does not vanish, the zero on the rhs . of the second equation is replaced by \ mathbf J.
