Since the motion is always circular, cyclotron frequency-" ? " in radians / second-can be described by the following equation:
12.
The electric field and the resulting axial harmonic motion reduces the cyclotron frequency and introduces a second radial motion called magnetron motion that occurs at the magnetron frequency.
13.
\omega _ c = eB / m is the cyclotron frequency ( for free electrons ) and v is the Fermi velocity ( of electrons in graphene ).
14.
As shear waves do not propagate above the ion cyclotron frequency, the practical effect of this is to act as a filter on the modes which may be excited.
15.
The g-factor of the muon is extracted using the same physical principle as for the electron above namely, that the difference between the cyclotron frequency and the spin precession frequency in a magnetic field is proportional to g " 2.
16.
In that case the value of the radical is just slightly less than \ omega _ c / 2 and the value of \ omega _ + is just slightly less than \ omega _ c ( the cyclotron frequency has been slightly reduced ).
17.
It is notable that the cyclotron frequency is independent of the radius and velocity and therefore independent of the particle's kinetic energy-all particles with the same charge-to-mass ratio rotate around magnetic field lines with the same frequency.
18.
However, in a sufficiently dense plasma ( " n " e > 2.5?0 30 m " 3, a density greater than that of a solid ), the cyclotron frequency is less than twice the plasma frequency.
19.
Although the time derivative divided by the cyclotron frequency is much smaller than unity, and the normalized electric potential is much smaller than unity, as long as the gradient is on the order of one, both terms are comparable to the nonlinear term.
20.
By comparing the above results on laser spectroscopy of antiprotonic helium with separate high-precision measurements of the antiproton's cyclotron frequency carried out by the ATRAP collaboration at CERN, the mass and electric charge of the antiproton can be precisely compared with the proton values.
