For example, a fungal dikaryon with two haploid nuclei is distinguished from the diploid in which the chromosomes share a nucleus and can be shuffled together.
12.
Before infection can occur, the smuts need to undergo a successful mating to form dikaryotic hyphae ( two haploid cells fuse to form a dikaryon ).
13.
The dikaryon then grows and may produce a diploid fruiting body that immediately undergoes meiosis to form four haploid mycelia which can then be fertilized by another nucleus.
14.
The formation of a dikaryon is a phyla have evolved other methods for maintaining the dikaryons, and therefore neither croziers nor clamp connections are ubiquitous in either phylum.
15.
Outcrossing, through complementation, could provide the benefit of masking recessive deleterious mutations in genes that function in the dikaryon and / or diploid stage of the life cycle.
16.
Unlike the hymenoascomycetes, the loculoascomycete ascoma originates prior to karyogamy in the dikaryon, with the correlated character state being the functionally two-walled ascus which ruptures in a fissitunicate ( like a Jack-in-the-box ) fashion.
