| 11. | Subordinate individuals often demonstrate a huge reproductive disadvantage in dominance hierarchies.
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| 12. | In particular, groups form a clear dominance hierarchy where only dominant pairs breed.
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| 13. | Boys also have more well-defined dominance hierarchies than girls within their peer groups.
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| 14. | In a group of clownfish, there is a strict dominance hierarchy.
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| 15. | Males have a dominance hierarchy, with the alpha males being generally older than subordinates.
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| 16. | Females do not form dominance hierarchies, and males do so only at breeding season.
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| 17. | Dominance hierarchies can be formed at a very early age.
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| 18. | Another aspect that can determine dominance hierarchies is the environment.
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| 19. | Therefore, once the dominance hierarchy is established, aggressive behaviour is reduced between herd members.
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| 20. | Its placement in the dominance hierarchy has not been solidified.
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