It must be said that the " ecumene " can differ depending on the viewpoint from which it is perceived : for example, Ancient Babylonians would be familiar with a different area of the world than the Ancient Greeks ( though they may overlap ).
12.
Hrvatsko Zagorje represented the natural ecumene for Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers through the whole period of the Pleistocene, and it is definitely a " cradle of Palaeolithic ", not only for Croatia, but for the wider SE European area too . ""
13.
:I don't think there was any meaningful trade between Mesopotamia and the eastern Indian Ocean region until Hellenistic times ( what William H . McNeill called the " Closure of the Ecumene " ), and even then it would have been somewhat indirect.
14.
The Roman problem of rulership involved the unity of disparity & mdash; from Carthaginian & mdash; Roman rule had extended itself across the breadth of the known world and the myriad pacified cultures forming this " ecumene " presented a new challenge for justice.
15.
Part II ( pp . 247 562 ) discusses the Eurasian cultural balance to 1500 A . D ., including the expansion of Hellenism, the closure of the Eurasian ecumene, the development of major religions, the barbarian onslaught, resurgence of the Middle East, and the Steppe conquerors.
16.
From 1500 to 1750 this is represented by the challenge of Western Europe to the world in a period of exploitation and colonization and the changing balance of the ecumene in the Islamic world, the Far East, and Africa : before 1750, Western superiority is similar in scope to the primacy previously enjoyed by other regions.
