Tubes are essentially obsolete for most applications, while the transistors and thyristors have significant limitations including that they cannot simultaneously control the maximum voltage, the effective voltage, and the maximum current of a non-linear load in a Direct AC ( rectified but unfiltered ) supply circuit.
12.
The benistor overcomes these shortcomings because, unlike the transistor and thyristor, it has separate control terminals for simultaneously managing the amount of current, maximum voltage, and effective voltage in an AC generator-load circuit, by means of either linear switching and / or self-switching mode of operations.
13.
So, Miller theorem expresses the fact that " "'connecting a second voltage source with proportional voltage V _ 2 = K { V _ 1 } in series with the input voltage source changes the effective voltage, the current and respectively, the circuit impedance seen from the side of the input source " " '.
14.
Angular position servo and signal flow graph . ? C = desired angle command, ? L = actual load angle, K P = position loop gain, V ?C = velocity command, V ?M = motor velocity sense voltage, K V = velocity loop gain, V IC = current command, V IM = current sense voltage, K C = current loop gain, V A = power amplifier output voltage, V M = effective voltage across the inductance, L M = motor inductance, I M = motor current, R M = motor resistance, R S = current sense resistance, K M = motor torque constant ( Nm / amp ), T = torque, M = moment of inertia of all rotating components ? = angular acceleration, ? = angular velocity, ? = mechanical damping, G M = motor back EMF constant, G T = tachometer conversion gain constant,.
