Since the repulsion between particles in aqueous suspensions originates from electric double layer forces, the presence of salt has an important effect on surface blocking.
12.
When the electrodes are polarized by an applied voltage, ions in the electrolyte form electric double layers of opposite polarity to the electrode's polarity.
13.
The work function is not simply dependent on the " internal vacuum level " inside the material ( i . e ., its average electrostatic potential ), because of the formation of an atomic-scale electric double layer at the surface.
