Neurotransmitter transporters frequently use electrochemical gradients that exist across cell membranes to carry out their work.
13.
Sodium ions follow passively through ENaC as a result of the electrochemical gradient caused by chloride flow.
14.
This causes protons to build up in the intermembrane space, and generates an electrochemical gradient across the membrane.
15.
The reduced permeability may decrease the passive diffusion of protons across the membrane that would dissipate the electrochemical gradient.
16.
SLC6 proteins are sodium cotransporters that derive the energy for solute transport from the electrochemical gradient for sodium ions.
17.
As the proton concentration increases in the intermembrane space, a strong electrochemical gradient is established across the inner membrane.
18.
Flagella are driven by the energy released by the transfer of ions down an electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane.
19.
PolyP synthesis and import require an electrochemical gradient, probably as a ( partial ) driving force for polyP translocation.
20.
Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane during oxidative phosphorylation.
