In 1973 Esaki received the Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Brian Josephson, for discovering the electron tunneling effect used in these diodes.
12.
In addition, the narrow energy distribution of electrons tunneling from the STM tip gives BEEM a high energetic resolution ( about 0.02 eV ).
13.
One nanotechnology concept being investigated is using single electron tunneling junctions, which can be made into single-electron or high-current transistors, to create McCulloch-Pitts CNN processing units.
14.
Defect states can be measured for example by using zero-bias thermally stimulated current, zero-temperature-gradient zero-bias thermally stimulated current spectroscopy, or inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy ( IETS ).
15.
In 2008 Petr Kr�l and co-workers proposed electron tunneling motors continuously rotated by a permanent torque, opening the possibility of practical realization of a real molecular motor machine.
16.
Often in a digital display, the least scanning tunneling probe ( a fine tip near a surface collects an electron tunneling current ) can resolve atoms and molecules.
17.
During the 1960s, he carried out systematic investigations into the energy behavior of electrons in insulators and semiconductors, developing a deep understanding of electron tunneling, barrier behavior and hot-electron transport.
18.
In scanning tunneling microscopy, an atomically sharp metal tip is advanced towards the atomically flat sample surface until electron tunneling out of the atom and into the advancing tip becomes effective.
19.
It is made just thick enough ( typically with just one or two wells ) to ensure effective suppression of electron tunneling from the active region to the electron injector of the next stage.
20.
Initially discussed in the context of magnetization dynamics of magnetic nanoparticles, the concept was known as "'macroscopic quantum tunneling "', a term that highlights both the difference with single electron tunneling and connects this phenomenon with other macroscopic quantum phenomena.
