The reporter gene may be inserted into the " E . coli " genome by first inserting it into an episome, a type of plasmid with the ability to incorporate itself into the bacterial cell genome
12.
When this occurs, the viral episome starts replicating itself in the form of linear DNA molecules that are packaged into virus particles which are expelled from the cell, to infect new cells or to be transmitted to a new host.
13.
After infection, the virus enters into lymphocytes via macropinosomes where it remains in a latent ( " quiet " ) state expressing the viral latency-associated nuclear antigen, LANA . The virus exists as a naked circular piece of DNA called an episome and uses the cellular replication machinery to replicate itself.
14.
:A quick PubMed search for the first paper with " plasmid " and " cassette " turns up, a free article which attributes the term to Hicks, J ., Strathern, J . & Herskowitz, I . ( 1977 ) in DNA Insertion Elements, Plasmids and Episomes, eds.
15.
Additionally, epigenetic reprogramming by enforced expression of OSKM through DNA routes exists such as plasmid DNA, minicircles, transposons, episomes and DNA mulicistronic construct targeting by homologous recombination has also been demonstrated; however, these methods suffer from the burden to potentially alter the recipient genome by gene insertion ( Ho et al ., 2010 ).
16.
Zakian, along with GM Dani, " were the first to construct and characterize a linear artificial chromosome . " in 1983 . helped to introduce the " use ciliate telomeres to generate linear yeast episomes, a strategy that began the molecular era of yeast telomere biology " " discovered telomere position effect, TPE, the transcriptional repression of genes near telomeres in budding yeast . " a team of researchers, including Zakian, found that " Pif1p-like helicases are found in diverse organisms, including humans " and that " Pif1p is the prototype member of a helicase subfamily"
