| 11. | However, the findings of epigenetics suggest that this may not be an appropriate way to define epistasis.
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| 12. | Strong positive epistasis is sometimes referred to by creationists as irreducible complexity ( although most examples are misidentified ).
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| 13. | This leads to negative epistasis whereby mutations that have little effect alone have a large, deleterious effect together.
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| 14. | This is indicative that a phenomenon such as multiple alleles or epistasis may have a role in determining morphology.
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| 15. | Synergistic epistasis is central to some theories of the purging of mutation load and to the evolution of sexual reproduction.
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| 16. | Background genetic effects ( modifier genes ), epistasis, somatic variation, and environmental factors all complicate the situation.
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| 17. | Epistasis is the dependence of the effect of one gene or mutation on the presence of another gene or mutation.
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| 18. | This does not take into account the effects of epistasis, which would probably increase the number of related genes.
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| 19. | When deleterious mutations also have a smaller fitness effect on high fitness backgrounds, this is known as " synergistic epistasis ".
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| 20. | Selection that influences epistasis is a case where the regulation or expression of one gene, depends on one or several others.
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