In 1927, the physicists Fritz London and Walter Heitler applied the new quantum mechanics to the deal with the saturable, nondynamic forces of attraction and repulsion, i . e ., exchange forces, of the hydrogen molecule.
12.
Heisenberg's theory for protons and neutrons in the nucleus was a " major step toward understanding the nucleus as a quantum mechanical system . " Heisenberg introduced the first theory of nuclear exchange forces that bind the nucleons.
13.
The same year, Tamm coined an idea that proton-neutron interactions can be described as an exchange force transmitted by a yet unknown massive particle, this idea was later developed by Hideki Yukawa into a theory of meson forces.
14.
Smith New Court refused to say whether the London Stock Exchange forced it to make this disclosure after the stock jumped 27 pence ( 43 cents ) to 518 pence ( dlrs 8.29 ) per share during the day.
15.
Smith New Court refused to say whether the London Stock Exchange forced it to make this disclosure after the stock jumped 27 pence ( 43 cents ) to 518 pence ( dlrs 8 . 29 ) per share during the day.
16.
However, it is not a true force and should not be confused with the exchange forces produced by the exchange of force carriers, such as the electromagnetic force produced between two electrons by the exchange of a photon, or the strong force between two quarks produced by the exchange of a gluon.
