| 11. | :In studying formal logic you use mathematics to describe formal systems.
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| 12. | It does not'beg the question'because it is a different approach than formal logic.
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| 13. | It is formal logic the intro was lacking and desperately needing.
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| 14. | Fitch has shown that this statement can still be expressed in formal logic.
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| 15. | In formal logic, O and E are assumed to be sets of literals.
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| 16. | Dialectical logic was hence concerned with a different area of study than formal logic.
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| 17. | Early results from formal logic established limitations of first-order logic.
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| 18. | Curry's paradox also occurs in some varieties of formal logic.
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| 19. | In formal logic, this number is called the " arity " of the predicate.
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| 20. | This tendency has moved argumentation theory away from the realm of pure formal logic.
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