| 11. | This fugacity is approximately equal to the vapor pressure when the vapor pressure is not too high.
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| 12. | For gases, the activity is the effective partial pressure, and is usually referred to as fugacity.
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| 13. | For an ideal gas, fugacity and pressure are equal so " ? " is 1.
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| 14. | Fugacity is used to better approximate the chemical potential of real gases than estimations made using the ideal gas law.
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| 15. | It can also be used to calculate the fugacity of oxygen recorded by mineral assemblages in metamorphic and igneous processes.
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| 16. | Redox buffers were developed in part to control oxygen fugacities in laboratory experiments to investigate mineral stabilities and rock histories.
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| 17. | Each of the curves plotted in the fugacity-temperature diagram is for an oxidation reaction occurring in a buffer.
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| 18. | For nitrogen at 100 atm, the fugacity coefficient is 97.03 atm / 100 atm = 0.9703.
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| 19. | Frequently, the fugacity of the pure liquid is used as a reference state when defining and using mixture activity coefficients.
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| 20. | There are numerous extra factors to consider such as oxygen fugacity and water activity ( roughly, the same as concentration ).
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