Many of these universities received formal confirmation of their status as " studia generalia " towards the end of the 13th century by way of papal bull, along with a host of newer universities.
12.
Although the Presentment Clause generally gives the president veto power, the ancient interpretive principle that the specific governs the general ( " generalia specialibus non derogant " ) is applicable to the specific circumstance of a constitutional amendment.
13.
During his tenure were established the " Studia Generalia " solicited by Emperor Charles IV and was celebrated the famous Chapter of Prague, in 1359, during which the emperor filled the friars of the most delicate attentions.
14.
These criteria-universal student body, one or more higher faculties, teaching by masters, the right to teach in other Studia, retention of benefices, autonomy-are common features found in most Medieval Studia generalia ( with some notable exceptions ).
15.
His " Antiquitas illustrata circa concilia generalia et provincialia " ( Antwerp, 1678 ) contains decrees of the popes and various matters of Catholic church history; in it he attacked the errors of Jean Launoy in regard to the primacy of Rome.
16.
The fifth criterion ( continued benefices ) was the closest there was to an " official " definition of a " Studium Generale " used by the Church and academics from the 14th century onwards, although there were some notable exceptions ( e . g ., neither Oxford nor Padua received this right, but they were nonetheless universally considered " " Studia Generalia " by custom " ).
The first medieval institutions generally considered to be universities were established in Italy, France, and England in the late 11th and the 12th centuries for the study of arts, law, medicine, and theology . [ 1 ] These universities evolved from much older Christian cathedral schools and monastic schools, and it is difficult to define the date on which they became true universities, although the lists of studia generalia for higher education in Europe held by the Vatican are a useful guide.
19.
As this privilege was granted only to those in Studia generalia, certainly routinely by the 14th century, it began to be considered by many to be not only another ( fifth ) criterion, but " the " single semi-official definition of a " Studium generale "-that is, that a school which did not have that privilege, would not be considered " generale " . ( Although the old universities of Padua, who resisted asking for a papal bull, had sufficient reputation to be referred to as Studium generale title without it; nonetheless, Oxford masters were not allowed to teach in Paris without examination; Oxford reciprocated by demanding examinations from Paris masters, ignoring the papal privileges Paris enjoyed .)
20.
;" Generalia specialibus non derogant " ( " the general does not detract from the specific " ) : Described in " The Vera Cruz " as : " Now if anything be certain it is this, that where there are general words in a later Act capable of reasonable and sensible application without extending them to subjects specially dealt with by earlier legislation, you are not to hold that earlier legislation indirectly repealed, altered, or derogated from merely by force of such general words, without any evidence of a particular intention to do so . " This means that if a later law and an earlier law are potentially but not necessarily in conflict, courts will adopt the reading that does not result in an implied repeal of the earlier statute.
